Interoperability Essay

Interoperability has been described as the extent in which systems and devices can exchange data and translate that shared information. It is the ability of one system to perform work in addition with other systems without asking for too much hard work from the other users. This system enhances the importance for information technology to make the networks and integrations work. In order for the process to function properly the two systems that are attempting to share information must be able to exchange data and introduce that same information to other users in a way that he or she can understand it. There are many organizations in the business world and many have different operating systems. The importance of interoperability in this aspect is to allow each organization to share important information amongst one another. An example would be if an organization such as Child Protective Services (CPS) wanted to share client information with another Protective Services agency regarding a client both organizations should be able to exchange and translate information amongst coordinating organizations. Child Protective Services Child Protective Services (CPS) is known as major department with the Department of Human Services. CPS supports and maintains the social and economic welfare of children by offering services to children to help protect them from abuse and/or child neglect. The Department of Humans Services in California offers CPS to families. CPS serves as mandated reports as well as an organization to protect children from neglect or abuse within the home, from his or her family, foster home or anyone responsible for the care of the child. The services of CPS are to provide protection to the children, provide resources to enable to child to remain residing in the home under safe and harmless circumstances. Also to remove abused or neglected children from the home and to possibly terminate any parental or guardian rights to ensure that the child will be eliminated from any potential danger or harm. The basic constituent of the process include: providing any and all services to minimize potential harm to children and provide resources to families to help them protect and provide appropriate care to his or her child. Next, is to provide the best services possible to meet each child and families unique needs. Last, taking each allegation  made seriously and assessing the allegations to the best of one’s ability to ensure that if there is any form of abuse or neglect the necessary steps occur in order to protect the child. The services of CPS are to intervene if necessary and protect children until his or her parent is capable to doing so. The most essential aspect of CPS is to recognize the protection of children and to ensure that reasonable efforts are made to maintain children safely in their own home, to reunite the family as soon as the courts see fit or to find permanency for the child if the situation permits for the parental rights to be voided. Other services inc lude mental health, counseling, parenting skills training, medical care/services and adoption services. Methods of Interoperability There are several different methods to implement interoperability. Many organizations have created their own interoperability methods. One of the methods of interoperability is technical interoperability, which is the ability for different technologies to communicate and exchange data-based upon well-defined interface standards. The second is semantic interoperability, which is the ability to each endpoint to communicate data and have the receiving party understand the message in the sense intended by the sending party. The third is policy interoperability, which is the common business policies and processes related to the transmission, receipt and acceptance of data between systems, which a legal framework supports. Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion Interoperability has been described as the extent in which systems and devices can exchange data and translate that shared information. Interoperability has many advantages and disadvantages. The goal of CPS is to find avenues to execute full backups bi-weekly and this process will be complemented daily. This organization will also implement an extended back up program monthly.

Learning and Teaching Standard Grade Physical Education

This assignment will look into the effectivity of collaborative group work during theory lessons in Standard Grade Physical Education ( SG PE ) by presenting and set uping a constructivist larning environment within my schoolroom. The assignment will place the methods used and the ensuing informations from this short survey and highlight hereafter development chances.IntroductionHaving ne'er officially been taught how to learn theory lessons for certification Physical Education I found myself following a standardized lesson format where the students faced the instructor, waiting for the transmittal of cognition ( Sotto 1994 ) . I found my lessons followed a similar, basic construction in which I would: Set out my purposes and aims for the lesson, refer back to old work covered and identified my learning purposes. I would explicate the current subject and inquire for pupil treatment sing anterior cognition. I would supply an academic undertaking related to the subject. I would summarize what has been covered and how it will associate with the following lesson/series of lessons. The lessons were planned harmonizing to the section medium and long term programs to guarantee the content was covered at the designated clip graduated tables, something indispensable for Standard Grade Physical Education, peculiarly due to the obvious scrutiny force per unit areas. My perceptual experience of these lesson were that they were successful as they had fluctuation in footings of the degree of treatments taking topographic point and types of undertakings related to the content, coupled with the fact that my formal scrutiny consequences from learning this manner were really good, ( harmonizing to SQA statistics ) . However, I felt the demand to research different methods of learning to guarantee that as a professional, I was run intoing the acquisition demands of the students in my category and developing my ain instruction competences. I was doubting that the method of learning nowadays within my schoolroom at this clip was supplying a ambitious adequate context for the students in my category, hence I was acute to look into other larning methodological analysiss. One method that interested me was the cultivation of a constructivist schoolroom. In this assignment I will detail the methodological analysis adopted to implement the rules of constructivism, supply account sing the necessary intercession that was required and highlight the students ‘ perceptual experience sing this new larning methodological analysis and what they felt the impact to their acquisition was.Data CollectionIn this survey it was necessary to utilize two chief types of informations aggregation. First, the usage of picture entering to capture group treatment, group job work outing undertakings and concluding presentations. The 2nd method of informations aggregation was in the signifier of written information via larning logs, rating signifiers specifically associating to the group presentations and concluding subject rating questionnaires. This written information was designed to place the students ‘ perceptual experience of the subject ; how it was planned, carried out and what the students felt were the chief strengths and failings of wor king this manner and critically place the impact on their acquisition. I felt that the informations aggregation methods were appropriate to the undertaking and provided relevant informations. However the deepness of information was the cardinal facet of the whether the chosen methods were effectual or non. For illustration, the larning logs were one facet of the written informations that provided the most dissatisfactory quality of information and one method that I may non utilize in the hereafter, the students did non lucubrate on the replies to the inquiries and did non supply me valid and utile information. The usage of picture recording was wholly new to me in a schoolroom scene and one time the students were used to working with a picture recording equipment it provided some first-class information and provided a true penetration into the group puting. The questionnaires provided me a valuable penetration into the students ‘ ideas and feelings about how successful this subject was and this method allowed me to measure the overall attack. As with any type of research, the method chosen will hold strengths and failings. I have summarised these below in tabular arraies 1 and 2:Strengths & A ; Weaknesses of Video Camera RecordingsTable 1Strengths Failings Enables all state of affairss to be invariably reviewed. Beginning of jobs can be diagnosed. Behavioural forms of instructor and students can be seen. Forms of advancement over long periods can be clearly charted. Can be really conspicuous and distracting. If camera is directed by operator, it will merely enter that which he or she deems to be of importance ; operator acts as editor. ( Beginning: Hopkins 2002 ) The usage of picture recording allowed me to garner information straight associating to the group treatment ; it encapsulated the nature of the treatments and provided a footing from which the particular discourse could be analysed. This was improbably helpful when the existent quality of treatment was scrutinised.Strengths & A ; Weaknesses of QuestionnairesTable 2Strengths Failings Easy to administrate ; quick to make full in Easy to follow up Provides direct comparing of groups and persons Provides feedback on: Attitudes Adequacy of resources Adequacy of instructor aid Preparation for following session Decisions at terminal of term. Datas are quantifiable Analysis is clip devouring Extensive readying to acquire clear and relevant inquiries Difficult to acquire inquiries that explore deepness Effectiveness depends really much on reading ability and comprehension of the kid Children may be fearful of replying honestly Children will seek to bring forth ‘right ‘ replies ( Beginning: Hopkins 2002 ) I felt that the terminal of topic rating questionnaire provided me with an penetration into the positions of the students and provided me with a footing to work from. The feedback from the students was utile as it gave me an apprehension of their perceptual experience of my schemes and provided me with way for future development. The consequences from the pupil rating signifiers ( both group and self rating ) provided me with quantitative informations that could be fed back to the students during the plenary session at the terminal of the block, this information was utile as it provided information on the group scores and informed the students which group they thought provided the best presentation. ( See appendix? ? for this information ) . Both methods of informations aggregation provided valid and utile information which was analysed and used to inform the participants ( and myself ) of the consequences of working this manner. There was qualitative informations produced in the signifier of the transcripts which were annotated and via the terminal of subject student rating questionnaires. They were scrutinised to place relevant information that could inform farther pattern. Quantitative information was produced by the students in the signifier of their appraisal of each others ‘ presentations and from their ain ego rating signifiers. This information was straightforward to analyze and as mentioned provided an built-in portion of the plenary session.RationaleLearning TheoriesHaving gained about 10 old ages of learning experience I found myself in an unusual place where I was approximately to get down a new subject with my S3 SG PE category with no existent program to map out the advancement of the category ‘ acquisition and apprehension of their new subject. I felt aroused and terrified in equal steps of following a constructivist attack ; nevertheless I felt comforted by the sum of research I had undertaken in following this attack and felt confident of the benefits that the students would derive from larning this manner. To state I had no existent program in topographic point would non be purely true as in my head I had a mental image of how I would wish the way of larning to take but as will be seen subsequently in this survey this is the Southern Cross of the instructor releasing control of their schoolroom and inquiring the students to take charge of their ain acquisition as at times it will take you to some surprising topographic points. ( Clarke, 2005 ) . One critical constituent of this impression was organizing my schoolroom to guarantee the students co-operated in a collaborative mode in little groups. Wood ( 1998 ) summarises Vygotsky ‘s position of acquisition as â€Å" co-operatively achieved success † and this is something that I as a practioner wanted to research farther. I felt the rule of co-operation was something that I did of course, nevertheless, after probe I realised that the co-operation I assumed was happening, was between the students and myself as category instructor and non the students with their equals. Vygotsky suggests that kids learn by direction from others and the acquisition procedure is strengthened if the undertaking is learnt in a co-operative mode. After scrutiny, I felt that for the benefit of my pattern I had to look into different methods of learning theory lessons in PE to guarantee that â€Å" existent acquisition † can take topographic point ( Sotto 1994 ) . Literature from Learning and Teaching Scotland ( LTS, 2009 ) environing Curriculum for Excellence ( aCfE. ) highlights the importance of using active and collaborative acquisition methods to heighten the larning experience based on rules of Assessment is For Learning ( AiFL ) . This provided me with the drift to critically analyze my attacks to learning. After reading Brooks and Brooks ‘ ( 1999 ) description of the constructivist schoolroom and besides the impact constructivist rules can hold on the effectual usage of formative appraisal ( Clarke, 2005 ) I wanted to look into the application of such rules and mensurate the impact this would do on my instruction. As Clarke ( 2005 ) high spots, some practioners avoid hazards due to being â€Å" embedded in old ways of learning † and I was determined non to go such a instructor, I planned to make this by consistently releasing control of the way of larning to the students. I wanted to look into the chance of the students taking charge of the way of their acquisition by passing over every bit much control to the category in a move towards making a constructivist larning environment. I organised the students in to groups of four, seeking to guarantee each group was every bit diverse as possible in footings of academic ability and friendly relationship groups. I wanted to guarantee that the members of the group would non be over familiar with each other as that may impede the quality of the work produced ( Azmitia & A ; Hesser, 1993 ) . It was critical that the students understood and appreciated that there would be a alteration to their ‘normal ‘ lesson format and this afforded me the chance to supply an account of why I was following a constructivist manner and why I was seting them in charge. Bruner ( 1990 ) provides the undermentioned rules of constructivistic acquisition: Direction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to larn ( preparedness ) . Direction must be structured so that it can be easy grasped by the student ( coiling administration ) . Direction should be designed to ease extrapolation and or make full in the spreads ( traveling beyond the information given ) . Advocates of a constructivistic attack suggest that instructors should foremost see the cognition and experiences of their students. The school course of study should so be built so that students can spread out and develop this cognition and experience by linking them to new acquisition. Whereas, candidates of the behavioral attack, on the other manus, advocate first make up one's minding what cognition or accomplishments students should get and so developing course of study that will supply for their development. ( Huitt, 2009 ) . I was really witting of being true to the Bruner ‘s above rules as I wanted to guarantee I knew all the necessary and relevant information sing the students ‘ old experiences related to this subject. To make this I met with the Biology section. There are natural crossing overs between Biology and PE and this meeting allowed me the chance to size up the subject content in the S1-3 course of study and utilize this information to estimate a starting point for the first brainstorming undertaking. I wanted the students to show â€Å" preparedness † to larn ( Bruner, 1990 ) . Using a model developed by Dunn and Larson ( 1998 ) to explicate the procedure of implementing simple degree engineering course of study, Alesandrini and Larson ( 2002 ) specified 10 events that provide the foundation for a constructivistic attack to learning and larning. These 10 events were so categorised into five chief constituents of an effectual constructivistic lesson/ series of lessons: probe, innovation, execution, rating, and jubilation. This became the foundation of my attack to cultivating a constructivist larning environment and the specific attack will be detailed within the timeline subdivision of this ego survey. The first undertaking for the students was to come up with a subject rubric through a whole category verbal treatment ( they agreed upon â€Å" Body in Action † ) and became the focal point of this group work session, to my surprise this subject rubric was non excessively dissimilar from the class stuff in PE which asks students to look into The Human Body in Action, ( it became clear that this subject rubric was besides the same rubric the Biology section uses-possible happenstance? ) . The students were so given two undertakings ; one an person undertaking which was to finish a acquisition log ( See appendix? ? for further inside informations ) the 2nd undertaking was a group undertaking that involved the students brainstorming about the subject content around this new rubric. This session was filmed and the resulting discourse was transcribed and analysed. See appendix? ? for illustrations of pupil work from these insight Sessionss. From this analysis it became evident that the quality of the group treatment I had hoped the category would accomplish was manner below the expected criterion. This critical incident became the focal point of my first intercession as it challenged my thought by coercing me to look into the ground why the initial group work was of such a hapless criterion. To antagonize this I investigated comparings with the work undertaken by Mercer ( cited in Wegerif et al 1999 ) it became evident that the quality of treatment could be categorised as what Mercer describes as â€Å" disputational talk † . This type of talk is characterised by dissension and individualized determination devising. There were few efforts to pool resources, or to offer constructive unfavorable judgment or suggestions. Disputational talk besides has some characteristic discourse characteristics notably short exchanges dwelling of averments and counter-assertions ( Mercer, 1996 ) . This was demonstrated by the deficiency of verbal interaction of group 2 and the independent determination doing made by JW who interestingly was the member of the group keeping the pen, suggestions were seldom offered and when this occurred the suggestions made were met with neglect instead than enthusiasm to research the thoughts further ( See appendix? ? for the annotated trascipt ) . Therefore, it was necessary to place why this was go oning and how I could better the quality of group treatment. The precedence for me as a practioner was to seek and place methods whereby the group work undertaken started to come on towards â€Å" explorative talk † ( Mercer, 1996 ) . This highlights the implicit in rule that Gillies and Khan ( 2007 ) commentate on that students need to be explicitly taught how to work successfully in groups. Therefore before I could continue look intoing the cultivation of a constructivist schoolroom, I had to look into how to promote each group to work co-operatively. This was done by using the rules environing successful group work as studied by Gillies ( 2004 ) , these were: Actively listening to others ; Deciding struggles democratically ; Sharing thoughts Working with others to measure the group ‘s advancement. I set the category three distinct job work outing challenges in an effort to better their abilities to work together ; two in groups of eight and one in the original groups of four. I felt this attack was non merely relevant to this age group but related to the research undertaken by Gillies would give some really promising consequences. It was my purpose to guarantee that the nature of these job work outing undertakings forced the groups to interact in a constructive mode by supplying co-operatively achieved aims. All members of the group were every bit of import to the success of work outing the undertaking, therefore it was necessary that all positions were considered but more significantly valued. Decisions had to be made on a democratic footing which involved all members of the group working together to make the common end, this would merely be achieved by actively listening to each other and making understandings that all members were consulted upon, but more significantly agreed upon. It was at this point I assessed the impact of these Sessionss by analyzing the treatment of group two to place the degree of betterment made, this was critical to guarantee that the students were in a place to transport on with their undertaking work. From my analysis it was evident that there was now an betterment in the type of treatments the group were involved in ; sufficient plenty for me to be confident that the move towards utilizing constructivist rules with this category was traveling to be good for the students. ( See appendix? ? for annotated transcript ) . This meant that I could once more follow the constructivist principle with assurance.TimelineProbeSession 1 Class organised into groups. Explanation given to pupils to inform them that they were in charge of their acquisition for this block. Class treatment sing subject rubric. Session 2 Each group brainstorms and enter a list of words / footings they feel are associated with the subject rubric â€Å" Body in Action † . Session 3 Spider diagram / head map is produced by each group detailing what they feel are the relevant countries of probe. Session 4 Amalgamation of all four programs by B Sloan to place 4 subject countries. Intervention Session 1 Due to the hapless quality of treatment taking topographic point, it was necessary to work on the groups abilities to co-operate and work in a collaborative mode. Intervention Session 2Invention and Initial ImplementationSession 5 Group set a mini undertaking to set up if any betterment had been made in footings of collaborative group work. Sufficient betterment made and each group selects project focal point. Session 6 Group probe work at library. Session 7 Group probe work at library utilizing computing machines.Further Implementation and EvaluationSession 8 1st bill of exchange of presentations, polish and initial rating.CelebrationSession 9 Concluding presentations by each group. Session 10 Plenary session and proclamation of winning presentation.DiscussionAs stated antecedently Alesandrini and Larson ( 2002 ) specified 10 events that I have used as the foundation for my attack to constructivistic acquisition. These were:ProbeContextualising: As category instructor I explained the procedure to the whole category, so worked with students in little groups to assist them link their old experiences to the undertaking at manus. Clarifying: I asked the students to discourse the undertaking among themselves in their groups of four and as instructor I facilitated the students as they strived to find what they needed to cognize in order to finish the undertaking. Asking: During this phase the students begin the procedure of geting the necessary cognition and accomplishments they needed to finish the undertaking ; as category instructor I tried to ease this procedure by inquiring inquiries and assisting students place and understand believable resources.Invention and Initial ImplementationPlanning: Students in each group begin to organize their cognition and develop some initial programs as to how to near the undertaking. Gaining: Students develop a first bill of exchange or get downing merchandise that will run into the stated standards for the undertaking. Each little group will develop an original attack and no two will look precisely likewise.Further Implementation and EvaluationTesting: The students check their undertaking against the standards to see if it meets the specifications. It is expected that the first effort will necessitate some or several alterations. Modifying: Students rework their undertaking in footings of lacks they may hold identified. They so retest and modify until they have a finished undertaking that meets the declared standards. Interpretation: Pupils describe the value of the undertaking relation to their backgrounds and experience ; they portion this with their ain group. Reflecting: Students broaden their ratings of the undertaking and set it in larger context.CelebrationCelebration: Students present their undertakings to the larger group while the larger group acknowledges the value of the attempt and consequences of the group and assesses the public presentation of each group in 3 classs. Having now completed the subject, I asked the category to finish a questionnaire to estimate their response to this new attack ( appendix? ? ) . 11 out of 16 students noticed that the subject was different to the old 1. They noticed that: â€Å" more clip in schoolroom making group work † â€Å" we worked in groups more and Mr Sloan did less speaking! † â€Å" we had to make a presentation † â€Å" our presentations were filmed and we used the smartboards † â€Å" Body in Action was the first subject we have done that we really spoke about, the first 1 was done through practical work † â€Å" It was much more groupy and chatty every bit good as synergistic † â€Å" we spent a batch of clip in the schoolroom alternatively of making it outside † â€Å" we planned it as a category † When asked about what they enjoyed about the subject, they responded: â€Å" I enjoyed happening facts about the organic structure, I did n't cognize there were so many articulations. I besides liked the job work outing undertakings † â€Å" Bing able to larn a batch of things about the organic structure we did n't cognize † â€Å" Planning for our presentations and utilizing the computing machines to look into the bosom. I like watching the groups making their presentations † â€Å" Research for the presentations † â€Å" It was merriment! † â€Å" the subject was interesting † The students were besides given the chance to state what they did non bask about the subject. Very few responded: â€Å" sometimes my group mucked about and were lazy † â€Å" Being bossed about † â€Å" presentation was chilling † When asked about what they felt they learned from this subject they said: â€Å" A batch about the organic structure and how it works † â€Å" how the human skeleton is put together † â€Å" how the organic structure works during athletics and PE † â€Å" tonss about the bosom and lungs † When asked which subject was best for their acquisition, 12 chose Body in Action. Although there were clearly some students who did non prosecute with this subject every bit to the full as others, the bulk of students enjoyed it and agreed that it was good to their acquisition. The two most common subjects running through the student responses is their grasp of the chance to lend to the planning of the subject and the fluctuation of activities – particularly during the research prior to making their presentations, it is interesting that they value their engagement in structuring their ain acquisition so extremely and bask research work. My ain appraisal of the subject was similar to the students. I was encouraged and inspired by the results of the attacks used throughout. By merely get downing the subject from a somewhat altered point of view, the full acquisition procedure altered. Alternatively of stating the category what we were traveling to make, I was inquiring the category what they wanted to larn. At each phase, I felt this altered point of view raised the motive of the category which led to an highly dynamic and energetic schoolroom which was focused on larning. This acquisition, was besides much more varied than in the yesteryear. Equally good as larning the necessary facts sing the human organic structure, the students were besides developing their accomplishments, runing from working in a group, to planning and showing information. This is really much in line with the aims of aCfE. Those recommending a constructivistic attack should ever see that there are a assortment of rules from larning theories that can be utilised within application of constructivism. For illustration, when working on a student ‘s larning it is surely appropriate to learn a particular accomplishment utilizing direct direction, observe the students practising the accomplishment, and supplying disciplinary feedback to guarantee command starts to happen. The major issue is whether to get down with a course of study that is taught step-by-step in an inductive mode as suggested by the behavior theoreticians or to get down with the student ‘s cognition and apprehensions and assist the kid fill in spreads necessary to work out a situation-specific job as suggested by the constructivists. Principles of larning from an information treating position such as recognizing the bounds of short-run memory, supplying many chances for students to place the connexion between anterior cognition to current acquisition, and recognizing the demand for separated pattern can besides be implemented within a constructivistic attack. Again, the major differentiation is in where to get down: with a predesigned course of study or with the student ‘s experiences and cognition base. This so begs the inquiry, what is the right attack? In my position the reply is both! If we start with the student ‘s cognition base before we have established coveted terminal ends, there is a inclination to hold the students merely â€Å" do advancement, † thereby restricting students who are non adequately prepared. These students may develop equal thought accomplishments, but can hold big spreads in their cognition and accomplishments. On the other manus, if weA focal point merely on coveted terminal ends, particularly knowledge ends, without consideration of the student ‘s acquired cognition and background, we run the hazard of developing cognition and accomplishments that have no significance to the scholar and are hence easy forgotten.DecisionThe purpose of this ego survey was to critically reflect on my instruction pattern in order to place progressive paths with which my abilities as a practioner are enhanced. I attempted to make this by look intoing the u sage of collaborative group work during theory lessons in Standard Grade Physical Education through the debut and constitution of a constructivist larning environment within my schoolroom. I have adopted attacks that were different to my old pattern in a systematic manner, in order to dispute me as both a scholar and as a instructor. I have found myself trying to change over my schoolroom from an Orthodox ‘instructive ‘ one, to one based on the rules of constructivism within a collaborative group puting. The types of job work outing challenges I used acted as an debut into how group work can be developed but I am realistic plenty to understand that this should be an on-going procedure instead than a one-off speedy hole. These types of challenges will inform the students of the potency of group work but will non hold a durable consequence on future group work. For cardinal alterations to happen when these students work in groups there must be a alteration in the students ‘ mentality and this must be reinforced every lesson, therefore the success of this factor may be out with the parametric quantities or timescale of this survey. However, what encouraged me was that even after this short intercession I was pleased to describe that sufficient betterments had been made and the group work progressed to a point whereby the students produced some first-class presentations. This journey has non merely exposed the scholars to new methods of schoolroom working it has besides enabled me to travel out of my comfort zone and happen motive and challenge in following a new attack, something I have exhaustively enjoyed making. This journey has inspired me to keep the impulse gained by making this ego survey and place other countries of learning Physical Education that could profit from following this attack to acquisition.

When the Longtime Star Fades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Aristotle on the Nature of the Greek Polis Essay

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Comparison of Scripting Languages Research Paper

Comparison of Scripting Languages - Research Paper Example They are categorized into scientific concerned and general purpose scripting languages. Examples of scientific based one are Matlab and Octave while those of general purpose are python and Perl. However, we are going to compare and contrast Matlab, Python, and Octave scripting languages by analyzing. According to Chapman, Matlab is a computer program enhanced to perform scientific and engineering calculations (2008). It started as a program to calculate matrix mathematics but with time, it improved to a malleable calculating program capable of resolvingbasically any technical difficult. Python is a dynamically, securely, and powerfully typed language. Python offers the clean and easy word order of the prevalent scientific calculating environments, grounded on your preferredhigh-performance FORTRAN, C, and C++ codes (Langtangen, 2008). While Octave is software, same as Matlab that has a well-matched scripting interface. However, Octave image processing purposes are not as broad as tho se provided by Matlab. Python, Matlab, and Octave scripting languages have many things in common. They have no affirmation of variables, and simple and suitable word order that make them easy to use ad to learn. In addition, they easily go together with GUIs, simulation, and visualization. However, Matlab and Octave are more independent languages, while Python requires coupling with several other packages in order to make an environment of reasonable functionality. Federico argues that, dynamic typing is easily found in scripting languages such as Python, while in Matlab and Octave both dynamic and static typing is found (2010). In addition, Python is much stronger programming language compared to Matlab and Octave making it the most convenient to use in computing scientific calculations. However, this python feature makes it to be preferred to by scientists can perform weighty operations compared to Matlab and Octave. The time needed to load and change input files folder of the Mat lab, Octave, and Python differ considerably. Python is the fastest followed by Matlab and Octave respectively. These show that Python can load fastest compared to the other two, however, it is the best in loading. In terms of the power structure examination, Python has the best performance compared to Matlab and Octave. This makes it efficient in the calculation and extremely fast compared to Matlab, though, Octave is the slowest of all. These clearly illustrate that Python programming language is stronger compared to Matlab and Octave. The Python, Matlab, and Octave environments differ considerably. The Python environment is incredibly open and is made in such a way that external tool can be integrated with it. For example, calling a program like FORTRAN from the Python is extremely easier, and the Python borders can take benefit of object- concerned scheme and easy gluing to GUIs, and visualization. However, calculating with FORTRAN from these boarders can be done in either short scripts or interacting full over a Python shell. Therefore, Python interfaces can be used to existing libraries like a way of making your own custom-made environment for resolving predicaments. Conversely, Matlab and Octave environments are not open, therefore, they cannot be easily be integrated with external tools. The characteristic of the toolbox of the Python, Matlab, and Octave also differ according to how can be contained. In Matlab and Octave, the toolbox is mostly characterized by a

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Criminology - Essay Example This is done particularly using the criminological theory. The riots actually started from the night of 9th August 2011 in Wolverhampton, and went through the whole next day i.e. 10th August 20111. After which people started to clean up there city and save the historic elements of Wolverhampton2. Until the riots broke out no one could actually believe that London and its neighboring towns can ever get affected through such criminal activities and the people who were thought to be most civilized can turn into real criminals3. Here I would be discussing the four criminal cases with respect to the culprits. Wulfrun Social Service Department has been involved in all these cases in relation to arrests and punishments. Wulfrun had powerful riots broke out in the city which ended up in great distress, severe destructions and loss of millions of pounds. A significant number of rioters entered the city like a storm and took hold of all the shops and business4. They cracked down the windows and cause great loss to the city dwellers especially coming in their way. The Midland Police reported that youth have attacked the city and that they continued to create distress even in Birmingham and other cities hence covering the whole United Kingdom5. Here the astonishing fact was the age and occupation of the rioters; most of them belonged to good family backgrounds and were students at the major universities. Majority of them were pretty young to commit such criminal activities. The whole city situation left the shopkeepers and businessmen to calculate their losses particularly in the Wulfruna Street, Dudley Street, Princess Street, etc. The real loss was done by the rioters in the Queen Square who were all youngsters prowling the city in congregation. According to the police the number of riots was up to 300 who were there in the Dudley Street at the ending time. These rioters were running in the city, cause

Choose one of the topics below Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Choose one of the topics below - Research Paper Example It is paramount to shift to energy sources that can substantially reduce the CO2 emissions as compared to fossil fuels rather than restricting energy saving portfolios in order to realize a reduction of greenhouse emissions. Renewable energy strategy is the best approach to reducing the emissions. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), to reach the ultimate goal of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, including the developing countries, strategic renewable energy sources should be implemented. Nuclear power generations and fossil fuel-fire d power generations with CO2 storage and recapture measures should be put in place to fast track counter global warming (IEA, 2008). Renewable energy is an inexhaustible energy that is a flow-type and is environment friendly. This proposal will presents some analytic findings of renewable energy outputs towards a low carbon society. It goes further to provide the nature policies on the promotion of renewable energy, measures to overcome non-economic barriers for the adoption, future courses of electricity demand-supply system, cost and effects of promotion of renewable energy and the ways to allocate related costs (IEA, 2008). The leading renewable energy producer in North America is Ontario. This renewable energy is beneficial since it does not bring about environmental degradation or pollution. Different methods of producing such energy include harnessing of wind energy through the use of windmills, harnessing of biogas or through the harnessing of solar energy. Electricity harnessed through solar energy directly depends on the energy from the sun and its intensity. Hence, different states that rely on solar energy try to determine solar insolation annually in order to optimize their electricity production during high insolation periods and subsidize their electricity during low insolation periods. There are different methods of

The battles of Trenton and Princeton altered the course of the Essay

The battles of Trenton and Princeton altered the course of the American Revolution - Essay Example ate the spirit of the debilitated and, thanks to the poor oversight of an inept Continental Congress, nearly-destitute army of disillusioned soldiers in the wake of an initial series of major setbacks and stinging retreats. Conversely the battles of Trenton and Princeton might be said to mark a point in the war when the over-confidence and inscrutable miscalculations of conquering British troops and Hessian mercenaries left their better-equipped ranks susceptible to unexpected Patriot maneuvers and stunned alarm at the remarkable tenacity of the all-but-subjugated revolutionary upstarts. New York had recently fallen, and the Continental army had fled in full retreat across New Jersey, with the superior British forces at their heels (Ellis 96). Frightened citizens, fearful the colonial capital was doomed to fall to the British as well, were fleeing Philadelphia with their families and possessions (Rodney 13). Washington and his men had managed to traverse the Delaware river into Pennsylvania and to prevent the British from following by demolishing every sea-worthy vessel, save those required for the troops, for sixty miles along its banks (McCullough 263). Without the slightest hesitation or apology, two brigades, a full two thousand of Washingtons men, had simply abandoned the fight, their enlistment up (McCullough 256). Inexplicably, rather than go after his clear advantage, the British General Howe opted for wintering down on the opposite side of the Delaware river, establishing outposts in a chain of forts stretching from New York through New Jersey, fully antici pating victory over the hapless insurrection by the following spring (Green and Pole 301). It was December of 1776, and a Hessian brigade led by Colonel Johan von Rall was stationed in Trenton, directly across the Delaware from the Patriot forces. The Hessians typically maintained outposts on round-the-clock watch, and had been alerted by a Loyalist to a possible attack (Ellis 98). The Hessians, who

In what ways were racial tensions intensified in the South during the Essay

In what ways were racial tensions intensified in the South during the Jackson Era How did the political parties respond Explain why - Essay Example Jeffersonian democracy sufficiently served the interests of a group and class of southern and western frontiers including the emerging class of urban workers. The policies introduced by Federalist Party were still common among minority of Americans who still supported the position of the federal government in reviving the economy (Remini 125). The second two-party system emerged slowly while the Republicans began engaging in regular conflicts over several issues. The followers of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, who demanded that the federal government still required putting more efforts in a developing economy, became known as National Republicans (Remini 143). The followers of Andrew Jackson, Democratic-Republicans, became Democratic in 1828. During Jackson’s era, his contentious personality and controversial policies created no chance for reconciliation with the National Republicans (Remini 145). Half-way his second term, the rebelling group defected from the party, and became known as the Whig Party led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. The Democratic Party controlled the federal government as from 1828 to 1860, before losing two presidential elections to Whig Party (Remini 131). The democrats soon became the main supporters of slaveholders in the south. Other parties such as Whigs, The Free-Soil Party, the political arm of the abolitionists and the Liberty Party strongly opposed the Democrats (Remini139). The development of new Republican Party that called for the abolishment of slavery, and entry into slave-free states, and to reduce the influence of slave-owners in the federal government, saw them overpower other political parties including the Democratic Party (Remini

The London Congestion Charge is now a reality Essay Example for Free

The London Congestion Charge is now a reality Essay Background info: Congestion charging is a way of ensuring that those using valuable and congested road space make a financial contribution. The scheme requires drivers to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 per day if they wish to drive in Central London during the schemes hours of operation. The scheme relies on 700 video cameras, which will scan the rear license plates of the motorists who enter the area between 7am and 6:30pm during the working week. This information will be matched each night against a database of drivers who have paid the charge either by phone, via the Internet or at shops and petrol forecourts. Except for those with exemptions (the disabled, taxis, nurses etc.) anyone who fails to pay by midnight will be fined à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½80. The Mayor of London Ken Livingstone put the scheme in place on February 2003. The scheme is live Monday- Friday, 7am- 6:30pm (excluding public holidays). Residents are entitled to a 90% discount and those with a disabled blue badge, taxis and licensed mini cabs, and drivers of clean-engine vehicles, among others, will be able to drive in the congestion charge zone for free. The situation prior to the charging was that: * London suffers from the worst traffic congestion in the UK and is amongst the worst in Europe. * Drivers in London spend 50% of their time in queues. * Every weekday morning, the equivalent of 25 busy motorway lanes of traffic tries to enter Central London. * It has been estimated that London looses between à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2-4 million every week in terms of lost time caused by congestion. Ken Livingstone, Londons Mayor, hopes to cut traffic by 15%, leading to a 25% reduction in traffic delays. The net proceeds are expected to be around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½120m a year, which will be used to improve public transport. Because of congestion in London the government has taken over/ intervened because it was a case of market failure. It failed because the roads/ resources werent being managed causing inefficiency and pollution. This congestion charge has been set up to erect that problem because London is the capital and a thriving city. These improvements may seem a bit steep e.g. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½80 fine, but they have got to show they are serious so that the scheme is not taken for granted. This scheme will make certain people better off it wont work for everyone. People who NEED to come into London to work will appreciate the changes because it will mean they will get to work quicker and work longer hours. Roads are seen as public goods because you cant charge people for its use if they are there everyone benefits. This scheme should drastically reduce traffic in London because a social cost is being added to their private costs. If you add à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 to someones private cost they will think about their actions. One of the problems that will arise is that not everyone can pay the market price, so the system can be inequitable. In some cases inequity of this sort is unavoidable. The fact that people cannot all have everything they want is part of the basic economic problem of scarcity. There are benefits for those with particular needs such as the disabled and taxi drivers. These need benefits to live a normal life and keep the norm going. Because if taxis and mini-cabs stopped working people who had to travel to work, business meeting or wanted to get directly home would have to use some other means of transport. Also it will encourage them to keep working and disabled people to keep coming into London and not feel restricted. This scheme will also show what the commuters and stakeholders think of the efficiency of roads in Central London. Because if they are satisfied or think that they are getting their value for their money e.g. less traffic, good maintenance they will be willing to keep paying and perhaps more people will see that the scheme is efficient.

The Kite Runner And Hamlet Tragedy

The Kite Runner And Hamlet Tragedy In the novel The Kite Runner by Khalid Hosseini and in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare the characters suffer tragedy as a result of the world that they have created for themselves. Despite the sufferings, in the end they find redemption. The characters do not act until they are pushed by it, the lack of action causes them to suffer. The conflict between father and son causes Amir and Hamlet to suffer. And Amir and Hamlet betray other characters and they both end up in tragedy. The man of action is rewarded while the man of inaction suffers tragedy. Amir and Hamlet are both hesitant in making decisions. Hassan, Amirs best friend and also his family servant, unconditionally helps Amir throughout the novel. Hassan is a brave Hazara boy who makes sacrifices for Amir. For you, a thousand times over Amir Agha. (Pg.1). Like Hamlet, Amir is very moderate in taking action. Amir witnesses Hassan get rapped before his eyes, but he just stands and watches it. In the end I ran. I ran because I was a coward. I was afraid of Assef and what he would do to me. (Pg.68). In this case, Amir is frightened to act because he is afraid of Assef, a bully, and what he would do to him. Similarly, Hamlets delay of action causes him to suffer. Despite the fact that Hamlet is aware of the flaw throughout the play, he does not act. Hamlets uncertainty about whether or not trust the ghost causes him to be very slow in acting, and this leads him to his downfall. Hamlet often does not act and when he does, he acts unwittingly. As a result, Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius which leads him to his downfall. Hamlet himself realizes the complexity of him own action and he says, How stand I then, that have a father killd, a mother staind, excitement of my reason and my blood, and let all asleep, while to my shame I see all the imminent death of twenty thousand men. (Pg.231) Hamlet criticizes his own inaction by comparing himself to Fortinbras. Hamlet is impressed by Fortinbrass motivation to action that Hamlet himself lacks. Amir and Hamlet suffer from inaction that leads them toward tragedy. The tension between father and son, agonizes Amir and Hamlet. The relationship between Amir and Baba, Amirs father, and Hamlet and King Hamlet suffers the characters. At the beginning of the novel, Amir cannot fulfill Babas expectations of becoming his favoured son. Baba values sports and respected jobs, such as becoming a politician, more than anything else in his life. Baba is a self-centered man and he does not respect Amirs values and wants Amir to become like him. A boy who wont stand up for himself becomes a man who cant stand to anything.(Pg.22). As the time progresses Baba finds out that Amir has no qualities like him, and sometimes he even doubts whether Amir is his real son. This creates isolation between Amir and Baba. Furthermore, their isolation builds a tension between them which causes Amir to suffer. In contrast, the relationship between Hamlet and King Hamlet is considerably strong which provokes Hamlet to take revenge of his fathers death. I am thy fathers spirit; d oomd for a certain term to walk the night. Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder.(Pg.65). The ghost wants Hamlet to seek revenge for his fathers death. Hamlet loves his father, but he is uncertain about the ghosts existence. This puts Hamlet through dilemma and causes him to suffer. Amir is very obsessed with Babas expectations from him. Sometimes he curses himself for being his son. I wish I could open my veins and drain his cursed blood from my body.(Pg.27). Baba conceals his secret from Amir, and later on in the story he dies with his untold secret. Rahim Khan, Babas old business partner and his best friend, is a wise man who helps Amir with his advices throughout the story. Rahim Khan tells Amir Babas untold secret. He tells Amir that Hassan is his half-brother. Amir is angry because he hadnt known the truth in his whole life and he had been treating Hassan unfairly. But better to get hurt by the truth than comforted with a lie.(Pg.58). Baba conceals his secret to protect h is reputation, at the same time he is hurting Amir and causes him to act unwisely. Therefore, the inconsistencies between father and son suffer Amir and Hamlet. The betrayals alter characters lives, it causes them to suffer throughout the story and in the end it helps them to decide wisely. In The Kite Runner Amir betrays Hassan, his best friend. Later on, he faces the consequences of his betrayal and he chooses to redeem himself. Amir disguises the fact that he had witnessed Hassan being sexually assaulted. He deceives others when he is asked about Hassans wellbeing. This makes Amir feel dreadfully guilty, because he is being unfaithful to Hassan and their friendship. According to Baba, telling lies is the worst of all sins. When you kill a man, you steal a life. You steal his wifes right to a husband, rob his children of a father. When you lie, you steal someones right to the truth.(Pg.16). Amir is influenced by his guilt of betraying Hassan that he can no longer bear Hassans presence in his life, he arranges a conspiracy to drive Hassan out of his life. The absence of Hassan in Amirs life profoundly suffers Amir. He constantly remembers t he good time he had with Hassan in childhood. Most importantly, every thought of Hassan reminds Amir of his disloyalty. When Amir is told that Hassan is his half-blood brother, he regrets his unfaithfulness to him. In comparison, Hamlet betrays Ophelia, his lover. Hamlet is so overwhelmed with his fathers death that he completely forgets about his affections toward Ophelia. You should not have believed me, I loved you not. Get thee to a nunnery.(Pg.141). Hamlet betrays Ophelia by claiming that hed never loved her. Also, Hamlet murders Polonius, Ophelias father, which drives Ophelia insane. Ophelia commits suicide as a result of Hamlets betrayal, this causes Hamlet to suffer. In the novel, Amir instigates to seek forgiveness. Rahim Khan tells Amir that Sohrab, Hassans son, is captured by Taliban in Afghanistan, and he wants Amir to save Sohrab. There is a way to be good again.(Pg.173) Rahim Khan is aware of all the secrets in Amirs life and he tells him that has only one chance to re deem himself from his guilt, it is to save Sohrab and fulfill Hassans wishes. Despite all the obstacles on his way, Amir chooses to save Sohrab. He achieves redemption when he succeeds to save Sohrab and adopt him as his own child. Amir and Hamlet betrays other characters in the story, and in the end they both find redemption. In conclusion, Amir from The Kite Runner and Hamlet from the play Hamlet suffer tragedy as a result of their own actions. Amir and Hamlet are very hesitant in taking actions and when they act, it causes them to suffer. Babas characteristics and his expectations from Amir create conflicts between them, which causes Amir to suffer. Similarly, Hamlets search for his fathers revenge puts him in a dilemma. Finally, Amir and Hamlets betrayal to others causes them to suffer and lead them to their downfall.

Sustainable Energy Sources Essay -- Environmental Energy Solar Power E

Sustainable Energy Sources Energy is life. Life on this planet depends upon a fixed amount of energy. The modern industrialized energy sources such as coal and petroleum were originally utilized for their seeming promiscuity and high energies yielded per unit volume. The world has now become painfully aware of how finite petroleum reserves are, not to mention the political complications associated with being dependent upon foreign countries for an energy supply. To add insult to injury, the limitedness of petroleum resources is not the most pressing problem, their polluting byproducts are. The enormous amounts of byproduct waste that finds its way into our environment is having effects which even the most renowned of experts cannot determine in magnitude. Speaking from an economic standpoint, petroleum will soon become more expensive to find and utilize than reasonable alternatives, raising it’s costs far above it’s benefits. Some could already make the point that the social and environmental cos ts never were weighed appropriately into the cost/benefit analysis of petroleum and that the benefits associated with petroleum combustion have rarely or never outweighed it’s costs. This point will gain a painful clarity in the years to come if the predictions of some meteorologists come true and the effects of global warming are felt. For years developing societies have been taking enormous amounts of potential energy locked within pressurized biomass that took millions of years to store in the Earth’s crust and releasing it into today’s world. The Earth is a relatively closed system and the enormous release of spent energy and its polluting byproducts will have untold effects upon societies for generations to come. The most brazen ... ...echreview/www/articles/july95/Smith.html) Absorbers, Their Coating and Performance, The World Directory of RENEWABLE ENERGY Suppliers and Services, 1996 Solar Glass and It's Transmissivity The World Directory of RENEWABLE ENERGY Suppliers and Services, 1996 Overview of Solar Water Heating in the Caribbean, Griffin R. Carrison , REIA '94 Conference (http://www.solarenergy.net/tsen/database/griff.html) Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Solar Power Satellite Working Group, 1997 (http://www.reston.com/nasa/solar.sats.html) Chemistry 4th Edition, Steven S. Zumdahl, 1997, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York http://www.eren.doe.gov (U.S. Department of Energy) http://www.solarenergy.net/ (Solar Energy Network) http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/ert_hmpg.html (State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism)

phonics :: essays research papers

PHOÂ ·NICS Phonics is the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. Emergent readers and writers should understand that there is a relationship between letter patterns and sound patterns in English (the alphabetic principle), and eventually develop an awareness of the separate sounds in words. Without the recognition of words, there would be an incomplete foundation for constructing meaning. Phonics, along with other the use of context, word parts, syntax, and automaticity enables a reader to recognize words. Learning the basics- relationships between letters and sounds- enables children to decode words they have never seen before. As this process becomes more automatic, it releases children’s attention to the higher-level activities involved in comprehending the text’s meaning. Children will use phonics along with the context and syntax of the text, the illustrations, and the words they recognize automatically. The most effective and efficient phonics instruction focuses on children’s attention on noticing letter/sound patterns in the major components of syllables: that is, on noticing the letter/sound patterns in initial consonants and consonant clusters and in the rime, which consists of the vowel of a syllable plus consonants, such as –ake, -ent, -ish, -ook. Students should not see the rules as fundamentals but rather as a way to note patterns within words. For example, the silent final e is not always consistent, but knowing about it does help the reader note the pattern. Rules should not be taught for recitation. When children have a context in which to learn the code system, instruction of phonics is most successful. Children who have been exposed to print during the early child development years have a solid foundation for learning to read. For children lacking this foundation, activities such as listening to stories, shared reading of Big Books, and matching print in nursery rhymes on charts provides them with a context of what reading and writing are and the uses that sound letter knowledge might have.

Love Conquers All in Eudora Weltys A Worn Path Essay -- Worn Path ess

Love Conquers All in A Worn Path      Ã‚  Ã‚   Love is a strong force. Love can make a person do strange and sometimes heroic things. Eudora Welty introduces us to Phoenix Jackson in "A Worn Path," a story about the love that a woman feels for her grandson. Through the actions of Phoenix Jackson, the reader learns that love can conquer anything. This theme is demonstrated through Phoenix's determination, her ability to overcome obstacles, and her reaction to the employees at the clinic.    Phoenix Jackson is an old woman. The politically correct term "elderly" does not accurately describe just how old she is. She does not see well anymore, she walks with a cane to assist her unsteady gait, and she occasionally imagines objects that are not truly there. Despite her age and the frailtie... ...strong. She makes this treacherous trip all the way into town to get his medicine so that he may live another six months, and she still has to make the journey in reverse to get it back home to him.    Work Cited Welty, Eudora.   "A Worn Path"   Literature and the Writing Process.   Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X Day, and Robert Funk.   5th ed.   Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 1999.   363-368.

Lush Cosmetics is a brilliant company Essay

Lush Cosmetics is a brilliant company with a lot of new ideas and most of Lush products are handmade and marked by the producer (Lush, 2014). Nowadays, Lush become very popular around the world developing steadily. However, Lush still has a couple of problems to improve after researching described by 4Ps. To be clearer, Lush will be compared with the some famous British cosmetics company The Body Shop (The Body Shop, 2014). Compared with The Body Shop, Lush does not have enough type of skincare products, especially for man (The Body Shop, 2014). Different kind of skin, such as neutral, dry, oil and sensitive skin has different demand of skincare products. It is clear to see the special man skincare products in The Body Shop, but there is no special man skincare product in Lush. Furthermore, the color, design and shape have an effect on how a product looks rather than how it works, but except the appearance of Lush product, the design and shape of product need to have a change (Lush, 2014). For example, when consumers buy the irregular soap back to home, it is so hard for them to find a place or a case to put these products as wetting. The shape of same soaps’ shape is round, which may roll anywhere, so that the designer should have a consideration for the customer how to keep such irregular product when consumer use them at second time. The price of the Lush products is a little higher than the same function products of other brands. For example, one of the most popular products in Lush is Big, a shampoo, costs  £12.25 (Lush, 2014), and the same function shampoo in The Body Shop is  £4.5. It is clear that the price of Lush product is expensive than others. Also, Lush improves their price once a year, The Big used to be  £11.50 (Lush, 2013). At the same time, The Body Shop seldom improves its products’ price (The Body Shop, 2014). In the promotion aspect of Lush, its promotion method is quite single. In the book edited by Adrian Mackay, Simonetti and Brenda (2004) indicate that the institution of Sales Promotion and the trade association defined promotion as ‘A consumer or business directed marketing activity that enhances product appeal by offering an extra incentive to purchase or participate.’ Compared with The Body Shop, it shows special voucher code on their website, give  high discount, and free delivery to the customer when they purchase over a certain amount products. After browsing the Lush website, the only promotion method found is that customers can get a free mask if they take six empty mask pots back to Lush shops. So this promotion is only for mask customers but mask is just one category of their product lines. For the place of local store, the consumer has very limited access to Lush products. To be more specifically, Lush only has one store in one city center and do not have any counter in shopping malls. So the local store is always very crowded. Second, Lush does not corporate with any cosmetics website, so the only way to buy Lush products online is visit its official website. As it is not free shipping, consumers may be not willing to pay the delivery fee when they only want to buy one or two products. It is also interesting to find Lush offer next day delivery and standard delivery for their products in their delivery information (Lush, 2014). However, standard delivery could take 3-5 working days to deliver a product. Most of Lush mask should be kept in fridge and used within three weeks. It is puzzled that how can they guarantee the freshness of its products as it declared. Lush (2014), lush-history [Online]. Available from: https://www.lush-hk.com/shop/info/4/lush-history [Accessed 16/12/2014]. The Body Shop (2014), History [Online]. Available from: http://www.thebodyshopcareers.com/gb/en/#about-us [Accessed 16/12/2014]. The Body Shop (2014), Skincare [Online]. Available from: http://www.thebodyshop.co.uk/skincare.aspx#/skincare.aspx [Accessed 16/12/2014]. Lush (2014), Path [Online]. Available from: https://www.lush-hk.com/shop/product/category/path/136_141/ [Accessed 16/12/2014]. The Body Shop (2014), For man [Online]. Available from: http://www.thebodyshop.co.uk/skincare/mens-face-care.aspx#/mens-face-care.aspx [Accessed 16/12/2014]. Lush (2014), Delivery information [Online]. Available from: https://www.lush.co.uk/help/delivery [Accessed 16/12/2014]. MACKAY, A. 2004. Practice of Advertising, Routledge.

3 ways HR professionals support line managers and their staff Essay

Recruitment: The process of selection and appointment of suitable candidates for jobs in an organisation, in a short span and cost effectively manner. The process includes analyzing the requirements of a job, attracting employees to that job, screening and selecting candidates, hiring and integrating the new employee to the company. It is a critical activity not only for the HR function but also for the line managers and various departments involved. The most important responsibility of the HR function is to find the right people for the right position. Defining targets and approaching the target with a view to hire does this. An HR professional’s ability to attract new talent that fits the needs of a company, they are trained to be proficient when organising orientation manuals, pre-employment screens and other steps prior to employment of a new hire. Thus the organisation gains the best talents on board be it internally or externally which maximizes the overall growth. â€Å"The key for us, number one, has always been hiring very smart people.† – Bill Gates, 1993 Training and Development: Learning and development strategy articulates workforce capabilities, skills or competencies required and how these can be developed, to ensure the run of a successful organization. The HR function helps in developing the mindset and skills to support the business in its evolution. They ensure that all the employees leave every session with a tangible skill they can  put in place immediately when they return to their desk. This gives a competitive advantage and adapt to economic circumstances. These are achieved by conducting seminars, boot camps, master classes and incorporating social media into content to understanding audience behaviours. The HR team ensures that these are designed and delivered by experts inside business or respected external figures. As key element of an organisation’s learning strategy they will target the long–term development of those identified as exceptionally high-performing individuals, who are critical to long-term business success. Hence this will widen employee’s knowledge and helps drives high performance level for a long-term successful business. â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† – Nelson Mandela, 2007 Employee Engagement: Employee engagement is a workplace approach designed to ensure that employees are committed to their organization’s goals and values, motivated to contribute to organizational success, and are able to simultaneously enhance their own sense of well-being. The HR function makes sure that the employees have an engagement with the organization and engagement with their manager, which automatically increases the competency and results in high performance. They are able to analyze the key drivers of engagement and plan activities or initiatives that will have the greatest impact of engaging the employees. The HR team engages the employees by arranging fitness activities, cultural events, mentoring activities, book clubs, family activities, charity run, volunteering activities, visits to other departments, company lunch, etc. This gives an opportunity to a good needed break from their routine, which is essential for employees. Thus this leads to increased productivity, increased quality, greater innovation and better customer service. â€Å"On what high-performing companies should be striving to create: A great place for great people to do great work.† – Marilyn Carlson, former CEO of Carlson Companies, 2014 The following report tells, as to how HR professionals support line managers and staff Communication: Organizational communication refers to the forms and channels of communication among employees of organizations. Studies have found a strong relationship between the levels of communication in an organization and job performance and satisfaction. Organizational communication takes place upward, downward and horizontally. The HR function helps to bridge the gap between the management and direct employees or vice versa. The HR department has the responsibility to encourage management at all levels to communicate with employees regarding all matters of concern, including various company actions such as layoffs, promotions and important subject matters such as benefits, company policies and employment stability. Excellent communication between HR personnel and the company’s employees keeps them constantly well informed. Employees need to be listened at all times so that it will not demotivate them. Hence communication done with the help of HR function has been shown to be linked to good company’s success. â€Å"The art of communication is the language of leadership† – James Humes, 2011 Performance Management: Performance Management encourages the continuous improvement of business processes and of individuals’ skills, behaviour and contributions. This evaluation system is an invaluable tool for all business. An annual performance review places all employees on an equal field and allows the managers to see which employees are creating the most value for the organization. HR function plays an important role, by ensuring that the  process is far, accurate and managed appropriately. It motivates employees and helps in the development of the organization in the right direction. The goals and tasks of managers and employees should be aligned with the business strategy. HR function helps in setting departmental and individual performance targets, evaluates the whole process to improve effectiveness and also encourage business heads to award the right employee. This is like a key delivery mechanism associated with the management behaviours instrumental in driving performance, such as listening, coaching, communicating and creating relationships based on trust and respect. By giving such support, the line managers and organization will be definitely benefited. â€Å"A process, which contributes to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organizational performance.† – Armstrong M. and Baron A. (2004), Managing Performance: Performance Management in action, Institute of Personnel and Development. Job Analysis: Detailed examination of the task, that makes up an employee role also what the job requires in terms of aptitudes, attitudes, knowledge and skills of an employee. It is the first step in a thorough understanding of the job and forms the basis of job description. Job analysis is important primarily because of its influence on organisational structure and also the interrelatedness of it and job design. Without detailed information gained from job analysis, structuring an organisation and understanding where potential duplicity occurs in roles and functions will be difficult. Job analysis is used to: Establish and document competencies required for a job. Identify the job-relatedness of the tasks and competencies needed to successfully perform the job Provide a source of legal defensibility of assessment and selection procedures. It allows departments to identify paths of job progression for employees interested in improving their opportunities for career advancement. Thus line managers and heads are encouraged to consult with HR function for guidance at every step in the job analysis process. â€Å"The entrepreneur builds an enterprise; the technician builds a job† – Michael E. Gerber, (2001), The E-Myth Revisited: Why most small business don’t work and what to do about it, Harper Business Hence the HR function would be grateful, if it is still retained in the organisation. As mentioned the above functions and roles will improvise the growth of the company.

Possibility of a terrorist attack is real in any nation in the world

Possibility of a terrorist attack is real in any nation in the world more so in the United States and all other nation that seem to support our policies. Though this country has been a victim in the past we may not be in a position to guarantee that we can not be stricken again, it can happen anytime as the terrorist have been known to strike at the least expected time and in the least expected places.I will be quick to point out that in the recent future there has been a trend as far as terrorist attacks are concerned. They have been targeting specific places with the most prone areas being the crowded areas. Their aim is to cause as much panic as possible. In the previous terror attacks lives has been lost and massive destruction of property witnessed in all these instances.There have been growing fears that terrorist might strike key economic infrastructures in this country. This has caused great fear as such an attack could bring cascading and social impacts. In this paper I will describe a hypothetical nuclear terrorist attack giving a clear analysis on its effect on various aspects of American systems.Nuclear attack has never been a comfortable subject in America, it is feared that such a thing would inflict damage that has never been witnessed in the American history. The fact remains that such an attack is possible in the American soil and the perpetrators of such an attack would be aiming to strike in an areas where they would cause the greatest damage ever having the kind of effects never seen before. The infrastructure in the picture would be one which carries a big number of people at one particular time; in this case I will assume an airport would be the key target.At one given time there are beehive activities in the key airports in the country. Many people are traveling from one point to the other not forgetting that there are others who are permanently located in such a facility either as workers of a particular airline or even there to provide security for the passengers. The point is that the human traffic is always high. (Allison, G 2005)If such an attack occurred ,it would be at the least expected time, though our country security systems have the mechanisms to detect terrorist intention and prevent them before they occur they are not always hundred percent accurate, therefore at times they might miss some of the details.The attack given its nature would have catastrophic effects a whole airport might be destroyed as a result of the blast and fires; this would not spare the adjacent infrastrucres also. Deaths would be as a result of either as a result of the fire or due to the radiation poisoning that would occur given the nature of the attack.The effects of such an attack would be devastating both in the short term and long time. The deaths that would occur from such a catastrophic incidence would be many given the target and the type of weapon that have been used. Nuclear weapons are very dangerous as they have very lethal effects not only on a short term period but also in the future due to the radioactive materials involved. It would pose a danger for those who were directly involved in the accident and also those who would come in to help in the evacuation process.It is a kind of a situation that many would not want to imagine can happen in our country but given that nuclear technology is available in the so called the rogue states such an attack can occur in our soil. Evacuation would not just be a simple process since the chemicals involved are very dangerous, it would require some specialized equipment to avoid contamination of those involved. Such equipment does not come cheaply therefore the cost involved in the process would be high meaning this would have some serious economic implications in the future.The massive destruction of property would occur meaning the important infrastructure would be destroyed paralyzing the entire operations of the airport and its adjacent premises. This would eventually affect the economic activities in the area and beyond since transport and other activities would be affected. Terror attacks bring some very unpleasant effects on those affected.The terrorist intention is to make the targets psychologically tormented if not physically injured, nuclear terrorist attack would have even more effects given it nature, the effects would be long term as the chemicals involved are very dangerous, it would affect those who were present at the time of the incidence and also those who were not there and may come into contact with the radioactive rays emitted during the attack. (Leventhal, P and Yonah, A 1986)The security systems of this country would be largely be affected knowing that such an attack would be hard to tackle as it might be impossible to send army to fight nuclear terrorists given that most of them are well organized groups which are sponsored by the rogue states. It would bring new challenges as far as war on terror is concerne d.This might not be unexpected but it poses a serious threat on our security system. They need to be up to the challenge, since they have concentrated too much energy fighting other type of terrorism such that much resource has not been used to address such an issue.The system would have to prepare itself enough to meet the challenges posed b y this type of the welfare. They have to come up with the strategy to detect and prevent such a catastrophic attack in future.A terrorist if this magnitude occurring in our country would definitely mean that our security system has been lapse as they were not able to detect it early. Given it nature which would require a lot of preparation before hand making it easy for the security personnel to smell a rat and take the necessary action.The fact that it has occurred may most likely indicate that much was not done or some of them were involved. This would call for a serious mitigation measures to be taken so as to prevent such an attack in the f uture and if possible or as it should be, thorough security checks as provided by the law carried out to avoid such a disaster.

Miranda V Arizona Essay

In the history of the United States, the legislative branch of government has developed systems of laws which the judicial branch of government checks. Because of modernization, the constitutionality of these laws needs to be reevaluated from time to time. There have been many cases that have caused the government to amend certain laws to protect its citizens. One of the most important cases that was brought to the Supreme Court was the case of Ernesto Miranda V the state of Arizona. This case caused the government to add more to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth amendments to the constitution (The Supreme Law of the Land). Miranda V Arizona was a landmark case in the United States Supreme Court because it established the constitutional liberties for individuals suspected of committing crimes. In Phoenix, Arizona, during 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested and charged with the rape, kidnapping, and robbery of an eighteen year-old, semi retarded woman (Mount). After his arrest, Ernesto Miranda was interrogated for a session lasting about two hours, where at the end, he confessed to these charges (McBride). The police, who had not reminded Miranda of his rights before his interrogation, recorded the whole session and used his confession as the sole evidence to convict him (McBride). At the end of his trial, he was convicted of rape and kidnapping of the eighteen year-old and was sentenced to twenty to thirty years in jail (McBride). Miranda and his attorney appealed the case and had it brought to the Arizona Supreme Court with the excuse that the police obtained the confession illegally (McBride). The Arizona Supreme Court agreed with the lower court. Miranda then appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court which heard the case in 1966 (Mount). After hearing Miranda’s case the Supreme Court took a vote. The decision was five to four in favor of Miranda (McBride). The reasoning behind the Supreme Court’s decision was that the police had not properly informed Miranda of his rights before the interrogation (Miranda). â€Å"The current practice of incommunicado interrogation is at odds with one of our Nation’s most cherished principles—that the individual may not be compelled to incriminate himself. Unless adequate protective devices are employed to dispel the compulsion inherent in custodial surroundings, no statement obtained from the defendant can truly be the product of his free choice. † This quote by Chief Justice Earl Warren demonstrates that the practice of interrogation without advising people of their protection under the Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution) is unconstitutional and allows people to incriminate themselves. The requirement by the court that law enforcement officers convey these warnings to criminal suspects is taken from the Fourth, Fifth, and sixth amendment. The fourth amendment, protection against illegal search and seizure, states that police are required to have a search warrant in order to search one’s home or personal items. They also must have probable cause to obtain the warrant (Mount). The Fifth Amendment to the constitution, protection from self-incrimination, means that no one is forced to be a witness against themselves in a court of law (Mount). The Sixth amendment, the right to the assistance of an attorney, states that if the suspect charged with a crime wants a lawyer to represent him, he may call his own, or if he cannot afford one, he will be appointed one by the courts (Miranda, 1). Another reason the Supreme Court decided that not reading suspected criminals their rights is unconstitutional is because most of the time the police took advantage of people not knowing their rights (Mount). An example of this is the case Miranda vs. Arizona. The most important reason behind the courts decision in the favor of Miranda was to protect its citizens from the government (McBride). The impact of the Supreme Court’s decision was to increase the rights of citizens suspected of crime using the â€Å"Miranda Rights†. You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You also have the right to the presence of an attorney; If you cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for you prior to questioning if you so desire(Miranda). These rights (Miranda rights) must be stated to a suspect prior to interrogation by a law enforcement officer (Larson). If hese rules are not followed and the officer does not read the suspect his rights before interrogation the Exclusionary act goes into effect. The Exclusionary act states that any illegally obtained evidence must not be allowed in a court of law (Miranda). Although this Supreme Court decision supported the rights of criminal defendants, there are a few exceptions to these rules. The Supreme Court ruled that â€Å"Miranda rights are not necessary prior to questioning that is reasonably prompted by a concern for the public safety. † This is called the Public Safety Exception to the Miranda Rights (Miranda). An excellent example of this would be the Supreme Court case of New York Vs. Quarles in the year 1983. In this case, a police officer received a description of Quarles and upon finding him, the officer searched him, and found that he had an empty gun holster. The officer then questioned him about the whereabouts of his gun. When Quarles responded, the officer arrested him, then read him his Miranda Rights. During his trial, the judge ruled that his statements made before his rights were read to him were allowable in court because it was an issue having to do with public safety. The court ruled in favor of New York five to four (New York). The Supreme Court also states in its rulings that the suspect must be in police custody or under police interrogation for him to have his Miranda Rights read to him(Miranda). Another case affected by the Miranda case was Illinois V. Perkins. In this case, Perkins, while incarcerated in an Illinois prison, confessed to two undercover agents that he had committed a murder. Perkins was then tried and convicted of this murder. Perkins argued that this violated his Miranda Rights and because of this he should be acquitted from the charges brought upon him. The court decided that it was perfectly acceptable because the questioning of Perkins was not done in a â€Å"police dominated atmosphere where compulsion to confess is present† (Illinois). The Supreme Court case of Miranda verses Arizona was a landmark case because it gave more rights to suspected criminals. The ruling in favor of Miranda gave criminal defendants more rights and expanded civil liberties for everyone. This case also gave the Bill of Rights more influence and power. Overall, the case of Miranda V. Arizona was very important to the history of the United States and set precedents for future cases in the judicial system.

Technologies Affect on Communication Research Paper

Technologies Affect on Communication - Research Paper Example To begin with, it is important to note that traditional modes of communication such as telegrams, letters, use of human messengers to deliver messages, have continued to lose popularity save for special circumstances, even though they are still being used in societies that have not invested on modern infrastructure (Bucy, 2004). Cell phones for example have become a major necessity in the human life due to their mobility and portability, which in turn creates convenience. This is as opposed to the wired communication devices such as the landline telephones, which are static in nature by the virtue of the fact that a person waiting for an important call has to remain within an audible range, so as to receive a call once the telephone rings (Atkin, 2006). In this context, mobile technology has enabled people to call and reach their intended recipients from any location and during any time of the day, without having to interfere with their day to day activities. For example, a person wo rking in the field can reach his or her spouse by calling them on their mobile, may be to check on how they are doing or to pass an important message. They make it possible for parents to enquire and confirm on the safety of their children especially in these uncertain times when children are vulnerable to numerous physical and psychological threats in the society. By doing so, one can perform his or her duties without distraction, knowing well that their families are safe wherever they are. Cell phones have also enabled users to deliver themselves from tough predicaments such as mechanical breakdowns on their vehicles while on transit (Atkin, 2006). One only needs to call a towing company or an expert to come to their aid. Without these gadgets, such an occurrence would necessitate walking long distances in search of help, which could also be dangerous especially if it occurs late in the night when there are few motorists on the roads and when the chances of being attacked by armed gangsters are real. It is also observable that most of the mobile handsets in the current markets have built-in cameras, which enable users to record videos and take pictures of their surroundings. In light of this, a person can use his or her phone to record evidence or an occurrence such as an accident or criminals in action, which can later be used by insurance companies or security personnel in building their cases. This is an important aspect since it is not always possible to have security and traffic officers in each and every corner of the nation. Witnesses to such occurrences would be in an excellent position to explain the details to the officers, after they use the same cell phones to call the authorities as well as ambulances depending on the situation at hand (Atkin 2006). However, it is not always easy to communicate vocally through cell phones especially if a person is in a noisy environment. In addition, some details in a phone conversation may be delicate in nature such that they require a lot of privacy. For example, personal information such as bank and other financial details, access codes to important online accounts or even delicate family issues are not supposed to access the public. To counter this, mobile phones are equipped with short messaging systems, which enable one to send information in form of text (Bucy, 2004). The recipient needs only to access the message, read it and if it is too confidential, he has the option

Effects of Rising Economic Role of China on High Levels of Essay

Effects of Rising Economic Role of China on High Levels of Unemployment in the EU and USA - Essay Example ble effects of China’s economic strength on unemployment rates in the European Union states and the United States can also be explored by understanding the primary causes of unemployment in the two regions because a review of factors into high unemployment rates in the region identifies vulnerability to a foreign economic force. The European Union states regulate their labour market and this influences unemployment rates among the Union’s states. Carbaugh explains that the level of inflexibility in a country’s labour industry is directly proportional to the country’s unemployment rates as employers manage regulatory constraints to ensure their fair share of profit. Laws for protection of employees’ rights and minimum wage laws are legal factors in the region that force employers to resort to alternative cost cutting strategies such as reducing number of employees. Strong labour unions also force pay and initiates similar counter measures into high u nemployment rates as employers struggle to balance their expenses. The relatively cheaper exports from China will however offer a more profitable venture and paralyse the regions’ production industries to increase unemployment rates (Carbaugh 2010, p. 257- 259). The types of unemployment that are significant among the European Union countries further identify microeconomic factors into the region’s high unemployment rates. â€Å"Frictional, structural, and seasonal unemployment† mean that economies are not flexible enough to align their human resource potentials with their dynamic labour markets. Payments for unemployment benefits in the region also accounts for significant rate of unemployment because people do not feel a mandatory need for work and may not make necessary efforts to gain necessary skills for... This essay aims to provide an economic outlook for the level of unemployment in the European Union and the United States, in connection with rising levels of their imports of goods and services from China. Effects of globalization have been significant in different regions of the world, both negative and positive. China has for example emerged to be an economic giant while western countries have continued to suffer from high unemployment rates. The trend in China’s economic growth is one of the indicators of the effects of its economy on unemployment rates in the European Union and the United States. China has continually expanded its economy and its exports, a factor that has undermined manufacturing activities in other countries Possible effects of China’s economic strength on unemployment rates in the European Union states and the United States can be explored by understanding the primary causes of unemployment in two regions. The level of inflexibility in European Union labour industry is directly proportional to the unemployment rates as employers manage regulatory constraints to ensure their fair share of profit. The US is poor in natural resources and heavily relies on imports for its production processes that utilizes natural resources and may also for the nation to import finished products from nations like China. It can only rely on technology and education to enhance its business activities and reduce its unemployment rates but is under significant threat to suffer from unemployment effects of globalization.

Cash for Grades Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cash for Grades Research Project - Essay Example Long-term, cash for grades programs are not effective and do not produce the desired educational outcomes which schools hope they will. â€Å"Paying students to behave is totally immoral. How will kids react when the money stops?† (Gill and Lam, 7). This is a good point which reinforces the idea that these programs are not effective long-term. Local high school and university budgets are strained, especially during times of economic difficulty, therefore supporting these programs indefinitely would not be possible from the budget viewpoint. There is bound to be an emotional reaction in students when these programs can no longer be supported which could actually de-motivate students to learn. Therefore, short-term they definitely can motivate students to achieve higher test scores or to absorb class materials, however long-term there are too many potential negative outcomes. These would be expensive programs, especially if, short-term, these programs motivated students to achieve very high grades so that a higher percentage of students achieved A grades. The end result of ending these programs due to budget problems could cause serious academic learning problems with students who had become accustomed to this added incentive. On a different note, the achievement gap between rich and poor students exists because of the quality of life differences for each socio-economic group. In psychology, Abraham Maslow identified a hierarchy of needs, common needs shared by all people in society, which identify physiological needs as the most primary (Weiten and Lloyd, 2005). Physiological needs include shelter, clothing, food and other basic life essentials. Maslow offers that people cannot achieve any greater contribution to becoming a better member of society until these basic needs are satisfied. People with higher economic means do not concern themselves as much with